Name and Subject Index of the Great Khans: Mongol Wars and Conquests 1160-1304

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As noted in the introduction, The romanization of foreign names is a difficult problem. Many countries have adopted new systems in recent years, but a lot of the sources used the older systems. I have tried to conform to the most current usage as best I could. I apologize for any inadvertent errors.

Mongolian names are written according to modern Mongolian spelling, using Mongol Wikipedia and a recent Mongol translation of the Secret History as guides, converted from the Cyrillic alphabet. Alternate spellings are included in the Index in parentheses, eg Chinggis (Genghis).

Chinese names are written using the Pinyin system. Place names are the names used at the time. Corresponding modern names of major cities are shown in the index.

Korean names are written using the Revised Romanization system. Place names are the names used at the time. Corresponding modern names of major cities are shown in the index.

Place names in the west are written using their modern names except for Constantinople.

Geographic names (cities, mountains, rivers, lakes, etc) are written using current spelling as in the National Geographic Atlas of the World. Abbreviations are used for Lake/L, River/R. The more widely known English name is sometimes shown in parentheses for some of the more famous names, eg: Halab (Aleppo), Chang (Yangtze) R. Geographic names are not included in the index unless they are mentioned in the text.

Abakha (Abaqa), Mongol prince 3rd generation, b 1234, d 1282, son of Tului, ruler of Ilkhanate 1265-1282, 110, 112, 116, 123, 126
Abishka, Mongol Prince, 4th generation, d 1261, son of Buri, 107
Acre, Middle Eastern city, to Jerusalem, 106
Adal, 13, 141
Adriatic Sea, 82
Africa, 13, 27, 81, 89, 103, 125, 141
Ain Jalut: battle of, Khetbukha vs Qutuz, Mongol defeat on September 3, 1260, 106
Aizong, ruler of Jin China 1224-1234, fled to Guide 1233, fled to Caizhou 1233 August, 66
Aju, Mongol commander, b 1227, d 1287, son of
Uriangkhadai, 114, 119, 121
Ala ad-Din, 138
Ala Khamag, 87, 90
Alakhan (Alaqan), Mongol Commander, 121
Alakush, Ongud leader, 25
Alamut, Ismaili fortress, surrendered to Mongols 1256, 92, 95
Alandar, Mongol commander, d 1260, 107
Alans: 51, 75; battle of, Zev and Subeedei vs Alans and Cumans, Mongol victory in 1222, 51
Albigensian Crusade, 27, 59
Algui (Alghu) Mongol prince 3rd generation, d 1265/6, son of Baidar, 107, 109, 113, 128
Almaligh, Central Asian city, 31, 42, 93, 109, 113-114, 117, 122
Altai Mountains, 28, 44, 53, 135
Amid, Middle Eastern city, 64
Amu Darya River, 47, 62, 92, 95
Amugan (Amuqan), Mongol Commander, 86
Anatolia, geographic area, roughly corresponding to the western half of modern Turkey, 13, 123, 141
Anbar: 98; battle of, Khulegu vs Baghdad forces, Mongol victory in January 1257, 98
Anbukbu: 64; battle of, Sartai vs Koreans, Mongol victory in 1231, 64
Angara River, 29
Anggir, 121
Ani, Middle Eastern city, 76
Anqing, Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 119
Ansai: 50; battle of, Jin vs Xixia, Jin victory in 1221, 50
Antong, Mongol commander, b 1248, d 1293, great-grandson of Mukhulai, 120, 122
Ao Dunxiang, Jin Chinese Commande, 34
Aragon, 89
Aral Sea, 53
Argun (Arghun), Mongol prince 4th generation, b 1258, d 1291, son of Abaga, ruler of Ilkhanate 1284-1291, 133-134, 136; battle of, Argun vs Nauruz, Argun victory in 1289, 134
Arigbokh (Ariq Buqa), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b 1219, d 1266, son of Tului: 106-107, 111, 113, 125; war with Algui, 109
Arigkhaya (Ariq Qaya), Mongol Commander, 115, 119-120, 122
Armenia, Middle Eastern country, established 1198, submitted to Mongols 1243, 83, 89
Assam, 81
Asutai, Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Monkh, 104
Atakhai, Mongol Commander, 119, 121, 127
Atlantic Ocean, 13, 141
Avarga, 19
Ayil Khargantad, 17
Ayyubid, Egyptian Dynasty, 103
Azerbaijan: geographic area, roughly corresponding to modern Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Iranian provinces of Azarbaijan and Ardabil; Persian country, conquered by Khwarizm 1225; 98, 105, 116

Bach Dang River, 132, battle of, Mongol fleet vs Vietnamese, Mongol defeat in 1287, 132
Bachman, Cuman leader: 61, 70, 72; battles of Monkh vs Bachman, Mongol victory in 1237, 72; Subedei vs Kipchaks, Mongol victory in 1236, 70
Bagan, Southeastern Asian country and capital city of the same, established 1112, collapsed after Mongol invasions 1287, 123, 128, 131, 141
Baghdad: Middle Eastern country and capital city of the same, independent under Abbasid Caliphs 1194, conquered by Mongols 1258; 70, 91, 105, 108, 139; siege and war with, 96, 98
Bai Tomor, Mongol prince, 122
Baibars, b 1223, d 1277, ruler of Egypt 1260-1277, 123
Baidar, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Tsagadai, 78-79, 105
Baiju, Mongol commander, b 1201, d 1260, 83-83, 98, 105
Bala, Mongol Commander, 50
Balagai, Mongol Commander, 98
Balasaghun: Central Asian city, capital of Karakhitai, 40, 42; battle of, Zev vs Guchluk, Mongol victory in 1218, 42
Balkh, Persian city, 48
Baltic Tribes, 13
Bamiyan, Persian city, 48
Banakat, Central Asian city, 45
Bantus, 13
Baotouzhai: 54 battle of, Shi Tianze vs Wu Xian, Mongol victory in 1225, 54
Barak (Baraq), Mongol prince 4th generation, d 1271, grandson of Mutegen, leader of the Tsagadai Khanate 1266–1270, 113-114, 116, 128
Barchukh (Barchuq), Uighur ruler of Kotcho 1208-1235, 29
Bardev: 49; battle of, Subeedei vs Georgians, Mongol victory in November 1221, 49
Bat (Batu), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b c1205, d 1255, son of Zuchi, leader of the Golden Horde 1227-1255: 84, 86, 90, 106, 129; advance into Europe, 70, 73, 78-79; conflict with Guyug, 82, 87
Bayan, Mongol commander, b 1236, d 1295, 119-122, 131, 135
Begter (Beqter), Mongol warrior, b 1150s, d mid 1170s, son of Yesukhei and Sochigel, 15
Beijing (modern Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia), Jin Chinese Northern Capital, 37
Bela, b 1206, d 1270, Ruler of Hungary 1235-1270, 79, 82
Belgrade, European city, 82
Bengal, 81, 89
Berbers, 13
Berkecher, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Zuchi, 114
Berkh (Berke), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b c1207, d 1266, son of Zuchi, ruler of the Golden Horde 1257-1266: 75, 90, 97, 107, 129; war with Khulegu, 110; battle of, Abakha vs Berkh, Berkh victory on January 13, 1263, 110; Golden Horde, 111-112
Beshbalik, Central Asian city, summer capital of Kotcho, Khaidu repulsed at Beshbalik, taken by Khaidu and Duva 1286, 114
Bhamo Pass: 123; battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1277, 123
Bian, new name of Zhondgu, 66, 68
Binzhou, Jin Chinese city, 62
Bistrita, battle of, Mongols vs Hungary, Mongol defeat in 1286, 130
Bohemia, European country, 79
Bokhtomor (Buqa Temur), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1282, ruler of the Tsagadai Khanate 1272–1282, 95, 129
Bol, Mongol commander, son of Mukhulai, 53, 55
Bolgar: Central Asian country, established 972, conquered by Mongols 1236; 52, 61, 72
Boorchi (Boorchu), Mongol warrior, b 1164, 15, 21, 25
Bornu, 13, 125
Borokhul (Boroqul), Mongol warrior, adopted as a child by Oelun, d 1217 21, 23, 40
Boroldai (Burundai), Mongol commander, d 1262, 73, 78, 97, 100, 104
Borte, Olkhonud Mongol woman, daughter of Dei Setsenten, principal wife of Temujin, b 1161, d 1237, 14, 16
Brasov, battle of, Mongols vs Hungary, Mongol defeat in 1286, 130
Buda, European city, t79
Buirug (Buyiruq), Naiman warrior, 23, 28
Bujek, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Tului, 78, 82
Bukhdurma, 29; batlle of Chingis vs Guckluk and Togtoa, Mongol victory in 1208, 29
Bulgaria, Eastern European country, independent 1185, submitted to Mongols 1242, 27, 81-82, 112
Bulgarians, 82
Buri, Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Mutegen, 75
Buur Steppe, Temujin rescues Borte, 16
Buxoro, Central Asian city, 45
Byzantium, Eastern European country, the remains of the ancient Roman Empire, conquered by the Fourth Crusade, 1204, reestablished by Nicea 1261, 13, 27, 112, 141

Cahamanas, 27
Caizhou, Jin Chinese city, 67
Caliph, 91, 96
Calukyas, 13, 27
Cambodia, Southeastern Asian country, 13, 27, 141
Candellas, 59
Cangzhou, Jin Chinese city, 42
Caoyang, Song Chinese city, 68
Caspian Sea, 47, 72
Caucasus Mountains, 51, 110
Cenad, 78
Central Africa, 13
Central Asia: conflict in, 117, 120, 122; principal events, 13, 27, 59, 81, 89, 103, 125, 141; war in, 128, 133, 135, 138
Chakna Dorje, Tibetan Lama, 85
Cham or Chem River, battle of, Barchuq vs Khutu, Mongol victory in 1209, 29
Champa: Southeastern Asian country, invaded by Mongols 1281 and 1285; 27, 124, 130, 141; expedition to 127
Chang (Yangtze) River, 96, 101, 104, 118
Changzhou, Song Chinese city, 121
Cao Yuwen, Song Chinese commander, 68
Chengdu: Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 71, 80, 99-101, 116
Chernihiv, Rus Principality and capital city of the same, taken by Mongols 1238, 73, 77
Chimbai, Taichuud warrior, son of Sorkhon Shar, 20, 23
China: Major Mongol country in East Asia and much of Central Asia, Yuan Dynasty proclaimed by Khubilai 1272, overthrown by Chinese rebels who founded the Ming Dynasty 1368, Rulers: Khubilai 1272-1294, Tomor 1294-1307, Khaisan 1307-1311, Aiurbarbada 1311-1320, Shadbal 1320-1323, Esontomor 1323-1328, Tugtomor 1328-1329, Khoshila 1329, Tugtomor (second reign) 1329-1332, Rinchinbal 1332, Togontomor 1332-1368; 125, 127, 141; rebellion in, 109; emperor of, 111; see also Jin China, Song China
Chinggis (Genghis Khan), ruler of Mongolia 1206-1227: 25, 27, 44-50, 52-60, 62; proclamation as Khan, 25; move West, 44; return of, 53; see also Temujin
Chizhou, Song Chinese city, 120
Chmielnik,European city, taken by Mongols 1241, 78
Choe family, military rulers of Korea 1196-1258, 94
Choe Ui, 94
Chongju, surrendered to Mongols 1231, 93
Chongqing, Song Chinese city, 76, 101, 108, 124; fortification of, 83
Chormagan, Mongol commander, d c1241, 62-64, 70, 75
Chu River, 44; battle of, Zuchi vs Khutu, Mongol victory in 1216, 41
Chuluun Baatur, Mergid warrior, 20-21, 23, 61
Chuluun, Taichuud Mongol warrior, son of Sorkhan Shar, 21
Circassians, 51
Colas, 13, 59
Comneni Emperors, rulers of Byzantium 1057-1204, 13
Constantinople, European city, 112
Corsica, 141
Crimea, 51, 75
Crusaders, 13
Cui Li, Jin Chinese commander 66
Cumans: Turkish speaking nomads of the Pontic Steppe, western branch of the Kipchaks, conquered by Mongols 1237; 51-52, 75; battle of, Berkh vs Koten, Mongol victory in 1222, 75; battle of, Subeedei vs Cumans, Mongol victory in 1222, 51

Dadu (modern Beijing), Chinese city, Yuan dynasty capital, 117
Dahuo, 100
Dayir Usun, Mergid warrior, 16, 23
Dayir, Mongol commander, 63, 80
Daisun, Mongol commander, brother of Mukhulai, 55
Daizhou: 46, 50, battle of, Monkhbokh vs Ge Tieqiang, Mongol victory in 1220, 46
Dalan Baljudai, 17, battle of, Jamukha vs Temujin, Jamukha victory in 1190, 17
Dalan Nermurges, 21, battle of, Temujin vs Tatars, Temujin victory in 1202, 21
Dali: Southeastern Asian country and capital city of same, established 1084, invaded by Mongols 1253, submitted 1255; 96-97, 100, 130; war with 92, 94; status change from vassal, 123
Daliong River, 39
Damghan, 57, battle of, Jalal ad Din vs Mongols, Mongol defeat in 1227, 57
Daming (modern Chifeng): Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35, 46, 109
Daning, battle of, Mukhulai vs Khitan rebels, Mongol victory in January 1216, 42
Danube River, 130
Danylo (Daniel of Galicia), Rus prince, ruler of Halych-Volyn 1212-1231, 78, 97, 104
Daohui River, battle of, Wanyan Yi vs Subeedei, Mongol defeat in 1230, 62
Daqang, battle of, Wanyan Yi vs Mongols, Mongol defeat in 1228, 61
Darmala, Mergid warrior, 16
Daya Camp, 76, battle of, Mongols vs Song, Song victory in 1239, 76
Dazaifu, Japanese fortress, 118
Deccan, 13
Dei Setsenten (Dai Sechen), Olkhonud warrior, father of Borte, 14
Delhi: Major Indian country and capital city of same, established 1206 when Ghur defeated by Khwarizm, ruled most of Northern India, resisted the Mongols 1285 to 1327, Rulers: Aibak 1206-1210, Iltutmish 1210-1236, Firuz 1236, Raziya 1236-1240, Bahram 1240-1242, Masud 1242-1246, Mahmud 1246-1266, Balban 1266-1287, Qaiqabad 1287-1290, Kayumars 1290, Firuz Khalji 1290-1296, Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316; 27, 81, 85; war with 129, 134, 136, 138
Deluun Buldog: 14, 19; battle of, Temujin vs Jurchins, Temujin victory in 1201, 19
Dengzhou, Jin Chinese city, 65, 68
Derbent: 49, 51, 110, 112; battle of, Khulegu vs Nogai, Khulegu victory on December 15, 1262, 112
Desna River, 77
Dexingzhou, Jin Chinese city, 32, 34
Diaoyucheng, Song Chinese fortress, 101, 113, 124
Dimashq (Damascus) Middle Eastern city: 123, 126, 137, 139; surrender of, 105; battle of, Mongols vs local forces, Mongol defeat in 1303, 139
Dinavar, Middle Eastern city, 96
Dingjiadao, 120, battle of, Bayan vs Jia Sidao, Mongol victory on March 19, 1275, 120
Dogolkhu (Toqolqu), Mongol commander, 61
Dong Wenping, Mongol naval commander, 121
Donggyeong (modern Gyeongju), Korean city, eastern capital, 74
Dongjing (modern Liaoning), Jin Chinese eastern capital 33, 39
Dongping (modern Dongping County, Shandong), Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35, 46, 52
Dorbei, Mongol commander, 40, 50, 54
Doorda Darkhan, Mongol commander, 77
Drigung, Tibetan monastery, 129
Duan Xingzhi, Ruler of Dali 1251-1254, 92, 94
Duva: (Dua), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1307, son of Barak, leader of the Tsagadai Khanate 1282–1301, ruler 1301-1307, 128, 134, 136, 138; submission to Khaidu, 116; appointment as Khan, 128
Dzonka, 129, battle of, Tomor Bokh vs Khaidu force, Tomor Bokh victory in 1290, 129

Eastern Steppe, 13-14
Egypt: Major Middle Eastern country, ruled by Ayyubid Dynasty 1171-1252 and Mamluk Dynasty 1252-1517, usually ruled most of Syria as well, resisted the Mongols from 1259 to 1303, Rulers: Salah al-Din 1171-1193, Al-Aziz 1193-1198, Al-Mansur 1198-1200, Al-Adil 1200-1218, Al-Kamil 1218-1238, Al-Adil II 1238-1240, As-Salih Ayyub 1240-1249, Turanshah 1249-1250, Shajar al-Durr 1250 Abdicated to Aybak, Aybak 1250-1257, Ali 1257-1259, Qutuz 1259-1260, Baibars 1260-1277, Barakah 1277-1279, Solamish 1279-1279, Qalawun 1279-1290, Khalil 1290-1293, Mohamed Ben Qalawun (first reign) 1293-1294, Katubgha 1294-1296, Lajin 1296-1299, Mohamed Ben Qalawun (second reign) 1299-1309; 106, 112, 139; war with, 123, 126, 137, 139; countries and peoples, 13, 27, 103, 125, 141
el Qahira (Cairo), Middle Eastern city, Egyptian capital, 106, 126
Elbistan, 123, battle of, Mongols vs Baibars, Mongol defeat on April 15, 1277, 123
Emil, 120
Enzhou, 52, battle of, Shi Tianni vs Peng Yiben, Mongol victory in 1223, 52
Epirus, 27, 81
Erdis, 23, battle of, Temujin vs Khuchlug and Togtoa in 1205, Temujin victory, 23
Erzerum, Middle Eastern city, 83
Esentomor (Esen Temur), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1328, son of Gamala, ruler of the China 1323-1328, 131
Esfahan, Persian city: 60, 64, 70, battle of, Mongols vs Jalal ad-Din, inconclusive in 1228, 60
Eshmed (Yoshmut), Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Khulegu, 105, 108
Esonmonkh (Yesu Mongke), Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Tsagadai, leader of the Tsagadai Khanate 1246-1252, 91
Esztergom, European city, capital of Hungary, 79
Euphrates River, 139
Europe: 70, 84; war in, 61, 72-73, 75, 77-79, 82, 90, 97, 100, 104
Ezhou, Song Chinese city, 104, 106, 119

Fancheng (part of modern Xiangfan), Jin Chinese city, 99-100, 115, 118
Feihuguan, 34
Fen River, 44
Fengxiang (modern Fengxiang County, Shaanxi), Jin Chinese city, provincial capital: 51, 62, 65, 71; battle of, Monkhbokh vs Wanyan Zhongyuan, Mongol victory in 1223, 53
Firoz Kuh, Persian city, 50
Firuz, ruler of Delhi 1290-1296, 134
Forest People, hunter-gatherers and reindeer herders of the southern Siberian forests, submitted to Mongols 1208/1208, revolted 1217, subdued 1219, 29, 41, 43
Fourth Crusade, 27
France, 13, 27, 59, 89
Fu River, 101
Fuzhou, one of several cities with this name: Chinggis advances, 32; war with Song China, 72, 101, 116, 119, 122

Gaegyeong (modern Kaesong) Korean city ,central capital, 64, 66, 117
Galuh, 27
Gamala (Kammala), Mongol prince 4th generation, grandson of Khubilai, 133
Ganca, Middle Eastern city, 70, 75
Ganghwa Island: move to, 66; war with Korea, 69, 74, 86, 93-94; return from, 117
Gaza, Middle Eastern city, 105-106, 137
Gazan (Ghazan), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1304, son of Argun, ruler of Ilkhanate 1295-1304, 136-137, 139
Genghis, see Chinggis
Genoa, 141
Genoese, 51, 75
Georgia: Middle Eastern country, independent 1124, submitted to Mongols 1246; countries and peoples, 27, 89; western expedition, 48-49; war in near east, 75-76; war between the Tsagadai Khanate and the Ilkhanate, 116
Geshilie Zhizhong, Jin Chinese commander, 32
Ghazni, Major Persian country, conquered by Ghur 1186; 27, 49-50, 63
Ghur, Major Persian country, independent 1163, conquered Ghazni 1186, expanded into India 1186-1206, lost territory in Persia 1206, 27
Gird Kuh, Ismaili fortress, 92, 116
Gobi, 31
Godan, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Ogedei, 77, 85
Golden Horde: Major Mongol country in the Western Steppe, originated from the lands assigned to Zuchi’s son Bat, leaders: Bat 1240-1255, Sartag 1255-1256, Ulagchi 1257, rulers: Berkh 1257-1266, Monkhtomor 1266-1280, Todmonkh 1280-1287, Tulabuga 1287-1291, Togta 1291-1312, Ozbeg 1313-1341; 111; Khaidu, 114, 122; war with Byzantium, 112; war with Ilkhanate, 112, 133; war with Hungary, 130; countries and peoples, 125, 141
Goransa Temple, 71
Grand Master, 95
Great Khan (Kaan, Qaan, Khagan, Khaqan) title for the ruler of Mongolia: 111, 125; Ogedei, 60, 81-82; Guyug, 86, 89; Monkh, 90, 103; Arigbokh 106, 125; Khubilai, 106, 111, 125, see also Khan
Great Mongol Empire, proclamation of, 25
Grenada, 81
Guangning, battle of, Mukhulai vs rebels, Mongol victory in 1216, 40
Guangzhou, Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 123, 127, 130
Guanzhong, geographic area “within the passes,” roughly corresponding to the part of the modern Chinese province of Shaaxi north of the Qin Ling, 51, 62, 65, 107
Guide, Jin Chinese city, 67
Guju, Korean city, 64, 66
Guyug: (Guyuk), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b 1200, d 1248, son of Ogedei, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1246-1248, 67, 81-82, 86-87, 120; Great Khan, 86, 89; succession, 90

Hakata, 118, 127
Halab (Aleppo) Middle Eastern country and capital city of same: countries and peoples 103, 125; war eith, 105; war with Egypt, 126, 137, 139
Halych, Rus princely city, 27, 78, 97, 100, 104
Halych-Volyn, Rus principality, 78
Hama, Middle Eastern city, 105
Hamadan, Persian city: 27, 46-48, 64, 96; battle of, Zev and Subeedei vs Khwarizm army, Mongol victory in 1220, 47
Han River, 99, 115, 119
Hangay Mountains, 133, battle of, Gamala vs Khaidu, Khaidu victory in 1289, 133
Hanlin, 128, battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1285, 128
Hanyang, Song Chinese city, 119
Hanzhou, Song Chinese city, 80
Haripunjaya, 81
Hausa, 13
Hebei, Geographic area “north of the [Huang (Yellow)] river”, roughly corresponding to the modern Chinese province of Hebei including Beijing and Tianjin, 52
Hejaz, 27
Hejian, Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35, 38
Henan, Geographic area “south of the [Huang (Yellow)] river”, roughly corresponding to the modern Chinese province of Henan, 38, 68
Henry, b 1196, d 1241, Ruler of Silesia 1238-1241, 78
Herat: 48-50, 116, 136; battle of, Abakha vs Barak, Abakha victory on July 22, 1270, 116
Herlen River, 15
Hete, battle of, Mukhulai vs Jin force, Mongol victory in 1215, 37
Hexi, Geographic area “west of the [Huang (Yellow)] river”, roughly corresponding to the panhandle of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, 107
Hezhong: 51, 65; battle of, Hou Xiaoshu vs Shi Tianying, Mongol defeat in 1223, 53
Hezhou, Song Chinese city , 101
Hims (Homs), Middle Eastern city: 105-106, 126; battle of, Ilugei vs Egypt, Mongol defeat on December 10, 1260, 106; battle of, Monkh Tomor vs Qalawun, Mongol defeat on October 29, 1281, 126
Hindu Kush, 129
Hindu kingdoms, 13
Hirado, 118, 127
Hit, 108; battle of, Mustansir vs Mongols, Mongol victory in 1261, 108
Hokhu, Mongol prince, 120
Holy Roman Empire, 81, 89
Hong Bokwon, Korean official defected to the Mongols, 67
Hoysalas, 59
Hrashkaberd, 76
Huai River, 84, 86, 101
Huanerzui, 32, battle of, Chinggis vs Geshilie Zhizhong, Mongol victory in October 1211, 32
Huang (Yellow) River, 27, 30-32, 38, 40, 51, 65
Huanglinggang, 46, battle of, Mukhulai vs Wugulun Shihu, Mongol victory in 1220, 46
Huazhou, 40, battle of, Samuqa vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1216, 40
Huazhou, Jin Chinese city, 62
Huihebao, 32, battle of, Chinggis vs Geshilie Zhizhong, Mongol victory in 1211, 32
Hulaan Qut, 21, battle of, Khogseu Sabrag vs Senggum, Khogseu Sabrag victory in 1202, 21
Hungary: Major European country, invaded by Mongols 1241, King Bela IV fled, returned 1242; war with, 130; countries and peoples, 13, 81, 89, 141; war in Europe, 75, 78-79, 82
Huxiaoshan, battle of, indecisive, 1264, 108

Ifat, 141
Iki, 118, 127
Il-Khan, 111, 126, 133, 137, 141
Ilan, Ismaili fortress, 95
Ilge, Mongol commander, 106
Ilgram, Ruler of Bolgar to 1236, 52
Ili River, 109, battle of, Algui vs Khara Bokh, Algui victory in 1262, 109
Ilkhanate: Major Mongol country centered in Persia, originated from the conquests of Khulegu, broke up into regional countries after 1335, Rulers: Khulegu 1256-1265, Abakha 1265-1282, Tekuder 1282-1284, Argun 1284-1291, Gaykhatu 1291-1295, Baidu 1295, Mahmud Gazan 1295-1304, Olziit 1304-1316, Abu Said 1316-1335; 111, 125, 134, 141; war with the Golden Horde, 112, 133; war with the Tsagadai Khanate, 116, 134, 136-137
Imperial Guards, 33
India, geographic area in Southern Asia, corresponding to the modern countries of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan east of the Indus River: 49, 57, 69, 129, 137; invasion of, 54, 59, 80, 85, 99; countries and peoples, 13
Indravarman, Ruler of Vijaya 1257-1285, 127
Indus River: 49, battle of, Chinggis vs Jalal ad Din, Mongol victory in September 1221, 49
Irbil, Middle Eastern city, 70
Irgiz River, 41, battle of, Zuchi vs Muhammad, inconclusive in 1217, 41
Irtysh River: 28, 44, battle of, Temujin vs Khuchlug and Togtoa in 1205, Temujin victory, 23
Ismail, Governor of Kasan, 42
Ismailis: Muslim sect, established strongholds in the Alborz Mountains, Quhistan, and Syria 1090, maintained independence until 1256 when conquered by Mongols; 57, 91, 96, 103, 116; war with, 92, 95
Iziaslavl, 78, battle of, Bat vs Halych, Mongol victory in 1241, 78

Jaen, 81, 89
Jalal ad-Din b 1199, d 1231, son of Muhammad, ruler of Khwarizm 1220-1231: 54, 57, 60, 63; war with Khwarizm, 48-49, 57, 60, 63; war in Afghanistan, 50; search for, 54
Jamukha (Jamuqa), Jadaran Mongol warrior, b 1160s, d 1206: 15-17, 19-20, 22; Jamukha’s Coalition, 19; battle of, Tooril vs Jamukha, Tooril victory in 1201, 20
Jang Ji, Jin Chinese commander, 39
Janggala, 103
Japan: Eastern Asian country, invaded by Mongols 1274 and 1281; 13, 125, 141; expedition to, 118, 127
Java: 59, 135

Jejudo, 117, battle of, Sambyeolcho rebels vs Korean-Mongol forces, Korean-Mongol victory in April 1273, 117
Jer Gorge Pass, 22
Jerene Gorge, 17
Jia Sidao, Song Chinese official, b 1213, d 1275, chancellor of Song China 1260-1273, 119
Jiading, Song Chinese city (modern Lushan), 114, 116
Jialing River, 101
Jiangling (modern Guilin), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 71, 120
Jiangzhou, Song Chinese city, 44
Jiankang Song Chinese city (modern Nanjing), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 120
Jianmen, battle of, Mongols vs Song China, Mongol victory in 1258, 100
Jiazhou, Jin Chinese city, 50
Jin China: Major Eastern Asian ountry, Jin Dynasty established 1115, conquered China north of the Huai River 1127, resisted the Mongols from 1211 to 1234, Rulers: Taizu (Wanyan Aguda) 1115-1123, Taizong 1123-1135, Xizong 1135-1150, Wanyan Liang 1150-1161, Shizong 1161-1189, Zhangzong 1189-1208, Wanyan Yongji 1208-1213, Xuanzong 1208-1224, Aizong 1224-1234; 14, 18, 53, 59, 81; war with, 31-35, 37-40, 42-44, 46, 50-51, 61-62, 65, 67; countries and peoples, Jin Dynasty, 13
Jin Emperor, 32, 36; 56, 61, 65, 68, 117
Jinan, Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 46, 109
Jindo, 117, battle of, Sambyeolcho rebels vs Korean-Mongol forces in May 1271, 117
Jingzhao (modern Xian), Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 40, 51, 62, 65, 72, 107
Jinsha, 92, battle of, Khubilai vs Dali, Mongol victory in 1253, 92
Jinzhou, Jin Chinese city, 39
Jirwadai, 122 battle of, Bai Temer vs Jirwadai, Bai Temer victory in 1277, 122
Jurchins, 18-19
Juyongguan, Jin Chinese fortress, 32, 34

Kabul, Persian city, 63
Kadamba, 59
Kaffa, Venetian trading post in Crimea, 51
Kaiping Chinese city, Khubilai’s headquarters, 1254-1271: 91, 100, 106, 111, 117; as headquarters, 91, 106, 117; surrender of Arigbokh 111
Kaizhou (modern Kaixian), Song Chinese city 113
Kalicuris, 59
Kalka River, 52, battle of, Zev and Subeedei vs Rus and Cumans, Mongol victory May 31, 1223, 52
Kamakura Shogunate, 27
Kamarupa, 81
Kamaniets, 78, battle of, Bat vs Halych, Mongol victory in 1241, 78
Kanem, 13, 125
Kangdong, 41, battle of, Yelu Liuge’s force vs Khitan rebels, Mongol victory in March 1218, 41
Karakhitai: Major Central Asian country, established 1141 by Yelu Dashi, a refugee from the Liao Dynasty in China which was conquered by the Jin Dynasty in 1124, conquered by Mongols 1218, Rulers: Yelu Dashi 1124–1143, Xiao Tabuyan (regent) 1144–1150, Yelu Yilie 1150–1164, Yelu Pusuwan 1164–1178 (regent), Yelu Zhilugu 1178–1211, Kuchlug (usurper) 1211–1218; 29, 31, countries and people, 13, 27
Kars, Middle Eastern city, 76
Kasan, Central Asian city, 42
Kashmir, 69
Kaungsin, 128, battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1284, 128
Kaykhusraw, Ruler of the Rum Seljuks 1237-1246, 83
Kayseri, Middle Eastern city, 83, 123
Kedah, 27
Kediri, 135, battle of, Vijaya and Shi Bi vs Panjalu, Vijaya victory in 1292, 135
Kerak, 103, 105
Kerman, Persian country, independent 1188, submitted to Mongols 1231, 137
Kertanagara, Ruler of Singhasari 1268-1292, 135
Keshilie Huanduan, Jin Chinese commander, 39
Kezhongzhai, battle of, Mukhulai vs Jin force, Mongol victory in 1221, 50
Khadan (Qadan), Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Ogedei, 75, 78-79, 82, 91, 107; war in Europe, 75 78-79, 82
Khaidu (Qaidu), Mongol prince 3rd generation, b 1235, d 1301, grandson of Ogedei: 113-114, 116-117, 122, 128-129, 131, 133, 136, 138; Almaligh, 113-114; Tsagadai Khanate, 116-117, 122, 128, 138; Tibet 129
Khaisan (Qaisan), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1311, great grandson of Khubilai, ruler of China 1307-1311, 138
Khalakhaljid Sands, 22, battle of, Tooril vs Temujin, Tooril victory in 1203, 22
Khalka River, 23,
Khan (Qan) generic Mongol title for a ruler of anything from a tribe to an empire, see also Great Khan
Khan, Muhammad, crown prince of Delhi, 129
Khanate: 113, 126, 111; Tsagadai, 113, 137; Mongol, 126; Regional, 111
Khara Khulegu (Qara Hulagu), Mongol prince 3rd generation, d 1352, son of Mutegen, leader of the Tsagadai Khanate 1242–1246 and 1252, 91
Kharabokh (Qara Buqa) Mongol commander, 109
Kharadal Source, 23, battle of, Chimbai vs Dair Usun, Chimbai victory in 1204, 23
Kharkhorum, capital of Mongolia 1235-1260: 82, 86-87, 106, 117, 122; Khubilai occupation, 107, 133
Kharluuds, Turkish speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, subject to Karakhitai, submitted to Mongols 1211, 31
Khasar (Qasar), Mongol warrior, b 1164, d c1227, son of Yesukhei and Oelun, brother of Temujin, 15, 35, 37
Khavf, Persian city, 95
Khereids, Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, united by Tooril, initially allied with Temujin, defeated and absorbed by Mongols 1203, 14-15, 22
Khetbukha, Mongol commander, d 1260, 91-92, 95, 105
Khingan Mountains, 107
Khitan, Mongolian speaking nomads of the Far Eastern Steppe, they founded the Liao Dynasty in northern China in 907, overthrown by the Nuzhens who founded the Jin Dynasty in 1125, refugees founded Karakhitai in Central Asia, many Khitans were early followers of Temujin, 33, 40
Khiva, Central Asian city, 47
Khiyad Mongol clan of Temujin’s family, 14
Khogseu Sabrag, Naiman warrior, 21
Khoridai, Mongol commander, 91
Khorii Tumet, one of the Forest People, submitted to Mongols 1217, revolted 1217, subdued 1217, 40-41, first battle Borokhul vs Qori Tumet, Mongol defeat in 1217, 41; second battle Dorbei vs Qori Tumet, Mongol victory in 1217, 41
Khorkhonag Valley, 17
Khotan, 120, battle of, Antong vs Hokhu, Antong victory in 1275, 120
Khubilai Noyon (Qubilai Noyon), Mongol commander, 31

Khubilai (Qubilai), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b 1215, d 1294, son of Tului, nominal ruler of the Mongol Empire 1264-1294, ruler of China 1272-1294: expansion and war with Song China, 91, 100, 104, 113-115, 118; war with Dali, 92, 94, 123; proclamation as Great Khan, 106, 125; war with Arigbokh, 106-107, 111; war in Central Asia, 117, 120, 133, 138; expedition to Japan 118, 127; Nayan revolt, 131
Khubakhaya, 20
Khuchlug (Guchluk), Naiman warrior, d1218: 23, 28-29, 31, 40; war with, 42; fortified position in battle of, Temujin vs Khuchlug, Temujin victory in 1204, 23
Khuchu (Quchu), Mongol prince 2rd generation, d 1236, son of Ogedei, 71, 82
Khujand, 114, battle of, Berkecher vs Barak, Berkecher victory in 1268, 114
Khuiten, battle of, Chinggis vs Xixia, Mongol victory in 1226, 56
Khulan (Qulan), Mergid woman, b c1164, d c1215, daughter of Dayir Usun, minor wife of Temujin, 23
Khulegu (Hulagu), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b 1218, d 1265, son of Tului: 99, 129; move West, 91, 93; in Persia, 95; war with Baghdad, 96; 98; war in Near East, 105-106, 108; support of Khubilai, 107, 111; and Berkh, 110
Khuli, Mongol commander, 98
Khum Sengir, 87
Khunan, 48, battle of, Zev and Subeedei vs Georgia, Mongol victory in 1221, 48
Khungiran (Qun Quran), Mongol prince 3rd generation, ruler of the White Horde 1251-1280, 107, 111
Khurasan, Geographic area in Persia, corresponding to parts of modern Afghanistan, Iran, and Uzbekistan that includes the cities of Balkh, Herat, Merv, and Neyshabur, ; conquered by Khwarizm 1181, 134, 137
Khusutu Situen, 18, battle of, Temujin and Tooril vs Tatars, Temujin victory in 1196, 18
Khutlug Khocha (Qutlugh Khwaja), Mongol prince 6th genreation, d 1299, son of Duva, 136-137
Khutu (Qudu), Mergid warrior, son of Togtoa, 21, 23, 29, 40
Khwarizm: Major Persian country, independent 1172, conquered most of Persia, invaded by Mongols 1219, mostly conquered by Mongols 1219-1223, partially restored 1224, final conquest by Mongols 1231, Rulers: Tekish 1172-1200, Muhammad 1200-1220, Jalal ad-Din 1224-1231; 27, 40, 42, 57, 59; war with Mongols, 45-49, 60, 63-64
Kili, 136, battle of, Khutlug Khocha vs Zafar Khan, Mongol victory in 1299, 136
Kipchaks, Turkish speaking nomads of the Caspian and Kazakh Steppes, conquered by Mongols 1229-1236, 13, 61, 70, 72
Kirghiz, Turkish speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, submitted to Mongols 1207, 29, 43
Kirman, Persian city, 27, 64
Kish, Persian city, 95
Kisil Bas, 28, battle of, Chinggis vs Buirug, Mongol victory in 1206, 28
Kodoe Aral, 90
Koke Ilge, Mongol commander, 95
Koko Naur, 17
Kokotei, Mongol commander, 61
Kolodyazhin, 78, battle of, Bat vs Halych, Mongol victory in 1241, 78
Korea: Eastern Asian country, submitted to Mongols 1218, resumed independence 1225, invaded by Mongols from 1231 to 1259 but maintained independence on Ganghwa Island, finally submitted 1259; 39-40, 67; revolt in, 117; war with, 64, 66, 69, 71, 74, 86, 93-94; expedition to Japan, 118, 127; countries and peoples, 13, 59, 81, 89
Kose Dag, 83, battle of, Baiju vs Kaykhusraw, Mongol victory on June 26, 1243, 83
Kotcho, Central Asian country and capital city of same, subordinate to Karakhitai, submitted to Mongols 1209, 29
Koten, Cuman leader, 75
Kozelsk, Rus town, 73
Krakow, European city, capital of Poland, 78-78, 104, 132
Kuban Steppe, 51
Kuizhou (modern Fengjie County, Chongqing), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 74, 76, 124
Kuobielie, 138, battle of, Khaisan vs Khaidu, Khaisan victory in 1300, 138
Kur River Valley, 112
Kurshah (Rukn al-Din), Ruler of the Alamut Ismailis 1255-1256, 95
Kuyiten, battle of, Temujin and Tooril vs Jamukha, Temujin victory in 1201, 19
Kyyiv (Kiev), 13, 78, 97

Lagow, 132, battle of, Tulabuga vs Poland, Mongol defeat in 1288, 132
Lahore, Indian city, 80
Lake Baljuna, 22
Lake Kisil Bas, 28
Lake Qinghai, 91
Lake Tai, 121
Lake Van, 105
Lama Pandita, 85
Lammasar, Ismaili fortress, 95
Langya, 43, battle of, Shimo Xiandepu vs Jang Ruo, Mongol victory in 1218, 43
Langzhou, Song Chinese city, 65
Lean, 42 battle of, Shi Tianni vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1217, 42
Legnica, 79, battle of, Baidar and Orda vs Henry of Silesia, Mongol victory on April 9, 1241, 79
Leizhou Peninsula, 124
Li Dan, Mongol official, 109
Li Heng, Mongol commander, 123
Li Quan, Jin Chinese official, 55
Lian Xixian, Mongol official, 107
Lianshui, Song Chinese city, 116
Liao Dynasty, 33
Liaodong peninsula, 40
Linan (modern Hangzhou), Song Chinese imperial capital, 121
Lindao (modern Lindao County, Gansu), Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 91
Lingzhou, 55, battle of, Chinggis vs Xixia, Mongol victory in 1226, 55
Linzhou, Jin Chinese city, 100
Lithuania, Eastern European country, established 1253, 100, 125
Liu Bolin, Mongol commander, 44
Liu Zheng, Mongol commander, 114
Liushishan, battle of, Mukhulai vs Jang Ji, Mongol victory in 1216, 40
Lizhou, Jin Chinese city, 72, 74, 76
Lombard League, 27
Longde, Jin Chinese city, 56
Longhutai, 33, 37
Lu Wenhuan, Song Chinese commander, 118
Luan River, 31, 39
Luzhou, Jin Chinese city, 62
Luzhou (modern Hefei), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 74, 101, 108, 121

Madura, 135
Maghas, 75
Maimun Diz, Ismaili fortress, 95

Majapahit: 135, 141; battle of, Vijaya vs Shi Bi, Vijaya victory in 1292, 135
Mali, 81, 103
Mamluk, 103
Manzheng, 43, battle of, Jang Ruo vs Wu Xian, Mongol victory in 1219, 44
Marageh, Persian city, 48
Matarban, 141
Mayyafariqin, Middle Eastern city, 105
Mazanderan, geographic area in Persia, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian provinces of Golestan and Mazanderan, 136
Mecklenburg, 27
Melik Tomor, Mongol commander, 135
Meng Gong, Song Chinese commander, 67
Mergids: Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, bitter enemies of Temujin in wars from 1181 to 1217, mostly absorbed by Mongols; 14, 16, 19, 28; war with, 23, 41
Merv, Persian city, 27, 48
Mianzhou, 68, battle of, Godan vs Cao Yuwen, Mongol defeat in 1235, 68
Michael Paleologus, b 1223, d 1282, ruler of the restored Byzantine Empire 1261-1282, 112
Michael P: 110, 112, 130, 132; battle, Nogai vs Michael Paleologus, Mongol victory 1265, 112
Middle East, geographic area corresponding to the modern countries of Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey: countries and peoples, 13, 27, 59, 81, 89, 103, 125, 141; Monkh’s expansion, 91; rebellion, 108; war in the, 75-76, 83, 105-106
Mienzhou (modern Lueyang), 40, battle of, Mukhulai vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1217, 40
Migukou, 34, battle of, Chinggis vs Ao Dongxiang, Mongol victory in 1212, 34
Minsk, Rus Principality and city of same, 27, 100
Mohi, 79, battle of, Bat vs Bela, Mongol victory on April 11, 1241, 79
Mongols: Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, divided into separate clans, united by Temujin 1201; fragmented clans, 14, 17, 19; war with Jin China, 30, 32, 34-40, 42-43, 46, 61-62, 65-67; war with Khwarizm, 45-47, 60, 63-64; western expeditions and expansion, 52-53, 70, 75-76, 84, 91; conflict and war with Song China, 55, 68, 71, 74, 80, 83-84, 86, 99-101, 104, 108, 113-114, 116, 118-123; war with Xixia, 56; war with Persia, 57, 62-63; war in Europe, 61, 70, 73, 75-79, 82, 97, 100, 104; war with Korea, 64, 66-67, 69, 71, 74, 86, 93; invasion of India, 69, 80, 85, 99; expedition to Tibet, 77, 85, 129; war with Vietnam, 97, 132; war and siege of Baghdad, 98; war in the Near East, 105-106, 108; war with Egypt, 123, 126, expedition to Japan, 127; expedition to Champa, 127, 130; war with Bagan, 128, 131; war with Hungary, 130
Mongol-Korean force, 118
Mongolia: Central Asian country, established 1206, conquered Karakhitai 1218, Khwarizm 1223, Xixia 1227, Jin China 1234, Rus Principalities 1237-1240, Song China 1279, devolved into separate Khanates between 1259 and 1264, Rulers: Chinggis 1206-1227, Tului (regent) 1227-1229, Ogedei 1229-1241, Turkhan (regent) 1241-1246, Guyug 1246-1248, Ogul Kaimish (regent) 1248-1251, Monkh 1251-1259, disputed 1259-1264, Khubilai (nominal) 1264-1294; creation of Mongol Empire by Temujin, 25; countries and peoples, 27, 59, 81, 89, 103, 125, 141; civil wars, 106-107, 109, 110, 111; Khanates of, 116, 126, 135-136, 138, 141; war in Central Asia, 135,
Monkh (Mongke), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b 1209, d 1259, son of Tului, ruler of the Mongol Empire 1251-1259: war in Europe, 72, 75, regency of Turkhan 82; proclamation as Khan, 90, 103; Mongol expansion 91; war with Korea, 93-94; war with Song China 96, 100-101; succession, 106
Monkhtomor (Mongke Temur), Mongol prince 4th generation d 1280, grandson of Bat, ruler of the Golden Horde 1266-1280, 114, 126
Morocco, 13, 27, 81
Moskva (Moscow), Rus town, 73
Mosul, Middle Eastern country and capital city of same, independent 1233, submitted to Mongols 1259, 27, 98, 103, 108
Mount Tiejiangu, 138
Msta River, 73
Mubarak Shah, Mongol prince 4th generation, son of Khara Khulegu, leader of the Tsagadai Khanate 1252–1260 and 1266, 93, 113
Muhammad (Ala ad-Din Muhammad Shah) b 1169, d 1220, Ruler of Khwarizm 1200-1220, 41, 45-47
Mukhulai, b 1170, d 1223, Jurchin slave, Mongol commander: war with Jurchins, 19; Rescue of Tooril and Sengum, 21; loyalty to Temujin, 25; war with Jin China, 31, 35-40, 42-44, 46, 50-51, 53

Multan: 99, 129; battle of, Tomor vs Muhammed Khan, Mongol victory in 1285, 129
Munggetu, Mongol commander, 80, 85
Murcia, 81, 89
Mustansir (al-Mustansir), Abbasid Caliph in Cairo, d 1261, 108
Mustasim (al-Mustasim), b 1213, d 1258 last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, ruler of Baghdad 1242-1258, 96, 98
Mutegen (Mutukan), Mongol prince 2nd generation, d 1221, son of Tsagadai, 48
Myinsaing, 131, battle of, Esentomor vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1287, 131

Nablus, Middle Eastern city, 105
Naimans: Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, united under Buirug (Tayang Khan), defeated by Mongols in wars between 1201 and 1209, Buirug’s son, Khuchlug, fled to Karakhitai and usurped the throne there in 1211; 14, 19, 21-23; Naimans and Mergids, war with, 28-29
Naku Cliff, 23, battle of, Temujin vs Taibokh, Temujin victory on May 17, 1204, 23
Namgyeong (modern Seoul), Korean city, southern capital, 65
Nandana, South Asian city, 54
Nanjing (modern Kaifeng), Jin Chinese city, southern capital: 36, 38, 40, 54; siege of, 66
Narathihapate ruler of Bagan 1238-1287, 131
Nauruz, Mongol official, 134, 136
Nayan, Mongol prince 4th generation, b c1257, d 1287, great-great-grandson of Temuge or Belgutai 131; battle of, Nayan vs Khubilai, Khubilai victory on July 17, 1287, 131
Neguder, Mongol commander, 129
Neguderis, 129, 134, 136
Nevisar Shar, 95
Neyshabur, Persian city, 46, 48, 116
Ngasaunggyan: 123, 128; battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1277, 123; battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1284, 128
Nicea, 59
Ningzhou, Jin Chinese city, 62
Nilotic, 13
Nogai, Mongol prince 4th generation, d 1299, great-grandson of Zuchi 110, 112, 130, 132; Nokono, 118, battle of, Mongols vs Japanese, Mongol victory in 1274, 118
Nomugan (Nomuqan), Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Khubilai, 117, 120, 122
North China, 13
Norway, 13, 103
Novgorod, Rus Principality and capital city of same, submitted to Mongols 1238, 13, 73, 81

Oelun (Hoelun), Olkhonuud Mongol woman, abducted by Yesukhei c1159, mother of sons Temujin, Khasar, Khachiun, Temuge, and daughter, Temulun, 14-16, 18
Ogedei, Mongol prince 1st generation, third son of Temujin and Borte, b 1186, d 1242, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1229-1242: 17, 23; war with Jin China, 31; war with Khwarizm 45; war in Afghanistan, 50; as Great Khan, 59-62, 65, 68, 70, 79
Ogul Khaimish (Oghul Qaimish), Mongol woman, wife of Guyug, regent of the Mongol Empire 1248-1251, 90
Oirds, Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe north of the Altai Mountains, submitted to Mongols 1207, 19, 29
Oljiit (Oljeitu), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1316, son of Argun, ruler of Ilkhanate 1304-1316, 137
Onguds, Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, allied with Jin China as wardens of the marches, allied with Temujin 1205, later absorbed by Mongols, 14, 23, 25
Onon River, battle of, Bayan vs Shirigi and Tukh Temer, Bayan victory, August 1277, 122
Ord (Orda), Mongol prince 2nd generation, b c1204, d 1251, son of Zuchi, leader of the White Horde 1227-1251, 78-79, 82
Orhon River, 122
Otrar, Central Asian City, 42, 44

Pandita, Tibetan Lama, 85
Pandyas, 59
Panjalu, 103, 135
Papacy, 13, 81, 89, 125
Parwan, 48, battle of, Jalal ad-Din vs Shikhikhutug, Mongol defeat, 1221, 48
Peng Yiben, Song Chinese commander, 52, 54
Perieslav-Zalesky, 90
Perieslavl, Rus Principality conquered by Mongols 1239, 77
Persia: geographic area, defined by Tigris River on the west, Indus River on the east, and Amu Darya river on the north, roughly corresponding to the modern countries of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, and the western parts of Pakistan; war in, 50, 57, 63; invasion of India, 54; Regency of Tului, 60; Chormagan, 62-64; war between the Tsagadai Khanate and the Ilkhanate, 116, 118; war with Delhi, 129; war between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, 133; Khulegu in, 95
Persian Tower, 98
Pest, European city, 78-79, 130
Phagpa, Tibetan Lama, 85
Pingliang, Jin Chinese city, 62
Pingyang (modern Linfen), Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35, 40
Pingzhou, Jin Chinese city, 39
Plague, 141
Podolinec, 132, battle of, Mongols vs Hungary, Mongol defeat, 1288, 132
Poland: Eastern European Country, invaded by Mongols 1241; countries and peoples, 13, 89, 141; war in Europe, 78-79, 97, 104; war with, 132
Pontic Steppe, 51, 73, 77
Provence, 89
Pucheng, Jin Chinese city, 51
Puxian Wannu, Jin Chinese commander, 38-40, 67

Qalawun, ruler of Egypt 1279-1290, 126
Qaradal Source, 23, battle of, Temujin vs Togtoa, 1204, Temujin victory, 23
Qinghai, 77
Qingyang, Jin Chinese city, 62
Qingjiang (modern Guilin), Song Chinese city 123
Qingju, 100
Qinling mountains, 62
Qixian, 108
Qom, Persian city, 48
Qu River, 101
Quanzhou, Song Chinese city, 122, 135
Qutuz, ruler of Egypt 1259-1260, 106

Ray, Persian city: war with Khwarizm, 46, 60, 63-64; western expedition, 48; Khulegu in Persia, 95
Rebellions: in China, 109; in the Near East, 108; in the Northeast, 131; in Tibet, 129; Red Coat Rebellion, 38
Red River Valley, 97
Regencies: of Ogul Khaimish, 90; of Tului, 60; of Turkhan, 82
Reghin, 130, battle of, Mongols vs Hungary, Mongol defeat in 1286, 130
Regional Khanates, 111
Relations with Tibet, 85
Revolt in Korea, 117
Revolt of the Forest People, 41, 43
Romania, 27, 59
Royal Tombs, 30
Ruian, Song Chinese city, 122
Rum, 27, 83, 89
Rus, 52, 61, 73, 77, 81, 84, 141
Rusudan, ruler of Georgia 1223-1245, 75
Ryazan, Rus principality and capital city of sam, 73

Sakya, Tibetan Monastery, 129
Salah ad-Din (Saladin), ruler of Egypt 1171-1193, 27
Sali, Mongol commander, 99
Samana, South Asian country, 129
Samara Bend, 52, battle of, Ilgram vs Zev and Subeedei’s advance force, Mongol defeat in 1223, 52
Samarqand (Samarkand), Central Asian city, Khwarizm capital city after, 1212, 45-46, 53, 93, 95
Sambyeolcho, 117
Samukha, Mongol commander, 37, 39
Sandomierz, 104
Sanfengshan, 65, battle of, Tului vs Wanyan Yi Jan, Mongol victory in 1232, 65
Sangju, 69
Saqsin, 61, battle of, Koketei and Sonidei vs Kipchaks, Mongol victory in 1229, 61
Sarai, Mongol city on the Volga River, founded by Bat, 1240’s, Capital city of the Golden Horde, 84
Sarban, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Tsagadai, 137
Sardinia, 141
Sarig Khun, 25, battle of, Zev vs Guchluk, Mongol victory in 1206, 25
Sartag (Sartaq), Mongol prince 3nd generation, son of Bat, leader of the Golden Horde 1255-1256, 90
Sartai, Mongol commander, 64, 66
Second Mongol Camp, 30
Seim River, 77
Seljuk Sultan, 83
Seljuk, Persian country, independent 1148, conquered by Khwarizm 1194, 13, 123
Senas, 27
Sengum, Khereid warrior, d 1203, son of Tooril, 21
Sengur River, 15, 17
Seogyeong (modern Pyongyang), Korean city, western capital, 64, 66
Serbia, 27
Seville, 81, 89
Shabaran, 110, battle of, Khulegu’s advance vs Nogai, Khulegu victory on November 14, 1262, 110
Shahrak, Ismaili fortress, 95
Shamakhi, 110, battle of, Khulegu’s advance vs Nogai, Nogai victory, 1262, 110
Shanchan (modern Kunming, Yunnan), Dali city, 94

Shandong, geographic area “east of the [Taihang] mountains”, roughly corresponding to the modern Chinese province of Shandong, 38, 52, 109
Shangdu, 117
Shanxi, geographic area “west of the [Taihang] mountains,” roughly corresponding to the modern Chinese province of Shanxi, 39, 42-44, 51
Shash, Persian city, 53
Shawukou, 119
Shayang, 119
Shazhou, Xixia city, 24
Shi Bi, Mongol commander, 135
Shi Bingzhi, Jin Chinese official, defected to Mongols with 3 sons, 1213
Shi Tianni, b 1185, d 1225, son of Shi Bingzhi, Mongol commander, 39, 42, 52, 54
Shi Tianxiang, b 1191, d 1258, son of Shi Bingzhi, Mongol commander, 39, 44, 51, 53
Shi Tianzi, b 1202, d 1275, son of Shi Bingzhi, Mongol commander, 54, 109, 115
Shiban, Mongol prince 2nd generation, son of Zuchi, 75, 78, 82
Shikanoshima, 127
Shikhikhutug (Shigi Qutuqu), Tatar child, d 1250: adopted by Oelun, 18; appointment as judge, 25; Khitan Revolt and Alliance, 33; siege of Zhongdu, 37, war with Khwarizm, 48; war in Afghanistan, 50
Shikhtur (Shiqtur), Mongol commander, 105,; Mongol prince, 131
Shimo Mingan, Jin Chinese defector and Mongol commander, 37
Shimo Xiandepu, Jin Chinese defector and Mongol commander, 43
Shimo Yexian, Jin Chinese defector and Mongol commander, 38
Shimultai: 107; battle of, Arigbokh vs Khubilai, Arigbokh victory in 1261, 107; second battle of, Arigbokh vs Khubilai, Khubilai victory in 1261, 107
Shir Kuh, Ismaili fortress, 95
Shiraz, Persian country, submitted to Mongols 1231, 137
Shiremun, Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Guyug, 82, 90
Shirigi (Shiregi), Mongol prince 3rd generation, son of Monkh, 122
Shouzhou, 84
Sichuan: war with Jin China, 65; war with Song China, 71, 80, 83, 86, 108, 116
Silesia, 78
Sind, 27
Singhasari, Southeastern Asian country, established 1182, overthrown 1292, 59, 103, 125, 135
Siri, Indian city, 138
Sistan, geographic area in Persia, corresponding to areas in modern Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan around Lake Helmand, 50, 63
Sit River, 73, battle of, Boroldai vs Yuri, Mongol victory on March 5, 1238, 73
Sivas, Middle Eastern city, 27, 83
Sodu, Mongol commander, 127, 130
Sokhok River, 28, battle of, Chinggis and Tooril vs Buirug, Mongol victory in 1206, 28
Soldaia, Genoese trading ost in Crimea, 51, 75
Solons, 37
Song China: Major Eastern Asian country, Song Dynasty established 960, lost China north of the Huai River 1127, resisted the Mongols from 1235 to 1279, Rulers: Gaozong 1127–1162, Xiaozong 1162–1189, Guangzong 1189–1194, Ningzong 1194–1224, Lizong 1224–1264, Duzong 1264–1274, Xiàogōng 1275, Duanzong 1276–1278, Zhao Bing 1278–1279; countries and peoples, 13, 81, 89, 103, 125; involvement in Mongol war with Jin China, 65, 67; Mongol expansion into, 91; Monkh’s invasion, 99, 101; envoys to Khubilai, 104; siege of Xiangyang, 115, 118; conflict with, 52, 54-55, 68; war with, 68, 71-72, 74, 76, 80, 83-84, 86, 96, 99-101, 104, 108, 113-114, 116, 119-124
Song Navy, 96, battle of, Uriangkhadai vs Song navy, Mongol victory in 1257, 96
Songhai, 13
Sonidei, Mongol commander, 61
Sorkhagtani (Sorqatani), Khereid woman, b 1198, d 1252, neice of Tooril, wife of Tului, 22-22, 82
Sorkhon Shar (Sorqan Sira), Taichuud warrior, 15, 20
Subeedei (Subutai), Mongol commander, b c1175, d1248, brother of Zelme: war with Jin China, 31, 35, 40, 61; war with Khwarizm, 46-47; western expedition, 48-49; 51-53; war with Xixia, 56; siege of Nanjing, 66; move west and war in Europe, 70, 72-73, 78
Submission of the Forest People, 29
Submission of the Kharluuds, 31
Sukhothai, 81, 141
Sumatra, 59

Sunam, 134, battle of, Neguderis vs Firuz, Delhi victory in 1292, 134
Sunchakh, Mongol commander, 105
Sunda, 27
Sweden, 90, 103
Syr Darya River, 45, 114
Syr Darya, 53, battle of, Barak vs Khaidu, Barak victory in 1268, 114
Syria, geographic area in the Middle East, roughly corresponding to modern Lebanon and Syria west of the Euphrates River, 106, 108, 123, 126, 137

Tabriz, Persian city, 48-49, 64, 105, 110
Tachar, Mongol commander, 107
Tachir, Mongol commander, 68
Tagaung, 128, battle of, Mongols vs Bagan, Mongol victory in 1284, 128
Tas, Mongol commander, 62
Taibokh (Taibuqa, Tayang Khan), Naiman warrior, d 1204, ruler of the Naimans until 1204, 23
Taichuuds: one of the Mongol clans, followed Yesukhei until his death then abandoned Oelun; 15, 20; first battle of, Temujin vs Targudai, Temujin victory in 1201, 20; second battle of, Temujin vs Targudai, Temujin victory in 1201, 20
Taikhal Stronghold, 23, battle of, Chimbai vs Dair Usun, Chimbai victory in 1204, 23
Taimaz, Mongol commander, 64
Taiyuan, Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35
Taka, 118, battle Mongols vs Japanese, Mongol victory in 1274, 118
Talas, Central Asian city, 114
Taleqan, Persian city, 48
Tangut Baatur, Mongol commander, 69, 71, 74
Tangzhou, Jin Chinese city, 68
Tanzhou (modern Changsha), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 101, 122
Taragai, Mongol commander, 138
Targudai (Targutai), Taichuud Mongol warrior, d 1201, 15, 20
Tarim Basin, 109, 117, 133
Tarnovo, 82, battle of, Bat’s advance force vs Bulgarians, Mongol defeat in 1242, 82
Tatars: Mongolian speaking nomads of the Eastern Steppe, ; 14, 18-19; Yesugen and Yesui, 21; war with Temujjin, 18, 21; battle of, Wanyan Xiang vs Tatars, Jin Chinese victory in 1196, 18
Tay Ket, 130, battle of, Sodu vs Vietnamese, Mongol defeat in 1285, 130
Tblisi, Middle Eastern city, capital of Georgia, 75, 112
Tekhuder (Teguder), Mongol prince 3rd generation, grandon of Tsagadai, 116; battle of, Abakha vs Teguder, Abakha victory in 1270, 116
Telegetu Pass: 19, 21; battle of, Temujin vs Jurchins, Temujin victory in 1196, 19; battle of, Boorchi vs Khogseu Sabrag, Boorchu victory in 1202, 21
Telegucoda, 59
Temuge, Kiyad Mongol warrior, b 1168, d 1246, son of Yesukhei and Oelun, 44, 82
Temujin, Kiyad Mongol warrior, b 1162, d 1227, first son of Yesukhei and Oelun, Khan of the Mongols 1189-1206, Chinggis Khan 1206-1227: 13-25; early years, 14; outcast years, 15; and Jamukha, 17; see also Chinggis
Terek River, 110
Thang Long, 97, battle of, Uriangkhadai vs Vietnamese, Mongol defeat in 1258, 97
Three Princes (Zuchi, Tsagadai, and Ogedei), 31-33, 35
Tibet: 77, 85, 91, 129; expedition to, 77, 91; rebellion and war in, 129; relations with, 85
Tienanmen, modern, location of, 36
Tiejiangu, 138 battle of, Khaisan vs Khaidu, Khaisan victory in 1300, 138
Tihuta Pass, 78, battle of, Khadan vs Hungarians, Mongol victory in 1241, 78
Tirmid, Persian city, 47
Tlemcen, 81
Toghon, Mongol commander, 130, 132
Togtoa (Toqtoa), Mergid warrior, 16, 21, 23, 28; battle of, Tooril vs Tokhtoa, Tooril victory in 1202, 21
Tokhta (Toqta), Mongol prince 5th generation, d 1312, son of Monkhtomor, ruler of the Golden Horde 1291-1312, 133
Tolun Cherbi, Mongol commander, 39
Tomor, Mongol commander, 129, 138
Tongguan, Jin Chinese fortress, 40, 61, 65
Tongzhou, Song Chinese city, 113
Tooril (Toghrul, Ong Khan), Khereid warrior, d 1203, ruler of the Khereids c1165-1203: 14-16, 18, 22; battle of, Temujin vs Tooril, Temujin victory in 1203, 22

Torikai-Gata, 118, battle of, Mongols vs Japanese, Mongol defeat in 1274, 118
Torzhok, Rus town, 73
Tran Nhan Tong, ruler of Viet Nam 1278-1293, 130

Trebizond, Middle Eastern country, submitted to Mongols 1243, 27, 83, 89
Trogir island, Bela escaped to, 82
Tsagadai (Chagatai), Mongol prince 1st generation, b1183, d 1242, second son of Temujin and Borte: 17; war with Jin China, 31; war with Khwarizm, 45, 47; war in Afghanistan, 50; support of Turkhan, 82
Tsagadai Khanate: Major Mongol country in Central Asia, originated from the lands assigned to Tsagadai, rulers were appointed by the Great Khans and later by Khaidu until 1301, broke apart in the 1340s. leaders: Tsagadai 1226–1242, Khara Khulegu 1242–1246 1st Reign, Esenmonkh 1246–1252, Khara Khulegu 1252 2nd Reign, Mubarak Shah (Organa regent) 1252–1260 1st Reign, Algui 1260–1266, Mubarak Shah 1266 2nd Reign, Barak 1266–1270, Negubei 1270–1272, Bokhtomor 1272–1282, Duva 1282–1301, Rulers: Duva 1301–1307, Kunchik 1307–1308, Taliku 1308–1309, Kebek 1309–1310 1st Reign, Esenbokh I 1310–1318, Kebek 1318–1325 2nd Reign, Eljigidei 1325–1329, Duva Tomor 1329–1330, Tarmashirin 1331–1334, Buzan 1334–1335, Chanshi 1335–1338, Esen Tomor 1338–1342, Ali Sultan 1342, Muhammad I 1342–1343, Qazan 1343–1346; 113-114, creation of regional Khanate, 111; Khaidu control, 117, 128, 138; war with Ilkhanate, 116, 134, 136-137
Tsushima, 127
Tuaregs, 13
Tuban, 135
Tukh Tukha (Tuq Tuqa), Mongol commander, 135
Tukhtomor (Tuq Temur), Mongol prince, 122
Talabuga, Mongol prince 5th generation, ruler of the Golden Horde 1287-1291, 130, 132
Tului (Tolui),Mongol prince 1st generation, b1192, d 1232, fourth son of Temujin and Borte, regent of the Mongol Empire 1227-1229, 22; regency of, 60; war with Jin China, 34-35, 62, 65; war with Khwarizm, 45, 48
Tun, Ismaili fortress, 95
Tungzhou, Song Chinese city, 83
Tunis, 81
Tunkhe Stream, 22
Turguun Heights, 15
Turkhan (Toregene), Naiman woman, d 1246, married to Khutu, given to Ogedei as second wife, mother of Guyug, regent of the Mongol Empire 1242-1246, 23, 82, 106
Turks, 70
Turov, Rus principality, maintained independence from Mongols, 27
Tursko, battle of, Baidar vs Poland, Mongol victory in 1241,78
Tus, Persian city, 95
Tutar, Mongol commander, 95, 98

Uch, Indian city, 85
Ulengu Turas, 20, battle of, Temujin vs Tayiciuts, Temujin victory in 1201, 20
Ulkhu Silugeljed, 21, battle of, Temujin vs Tatars, Temujin victory in 1202, 21
Upper Yenisey Valley, 107
Ural River, 61
Urgana (Orghana, Ergene), Oird woman, wife of Khara Khulegu, regent of the Tsagadai Khanate 1252–1260, 93, 107, 113
Urgench, Central Asian City, 47-48, 57
Uriangkhadai, Mongol commander, son of Subeedei: war with Dali, 92, 94; war with Vietnam, 97; war with Song China, 100-101, 104
Uyer, Mongol commander, 38, 40

Vac, European town, 78
Van Kiep, 130, battle of, Toghon vs Vietnamese, Mongol defeat in 1285, 130
Venetians, 51
Verecke Pass, 78, battle of, Bat vs Hungarians, Mongol victory in 1241, 78
Vienna, European city, 79
Vietnam: Southeastern Asian country, invaded by Mongols 1257, 1285, and 1287 but maintained independence; and Uriangkhadai, 96; war with 97, 130, 132; battle of, Uriangkhadai vs Vietnamese, Mongol victory in 1257, 97; countries and peoples, 103, 141
Vijaya, Javanese prince, 127, 135
Vladimir, Rus Principality and capital city of same, conquered by Mongols 1238, 27, 73, 90
Vladimirevich, Alexander, Rus prince, b 1224, d 1263, Prince of Novgorod 1236–1252, Grand Prince of Kiev 1236–1252, Grand Prince of Vladimir 1252–1263, also known as Alexander Nevsky for victory over the Swedes in 1240, 90
Vladimirevich, Andrey, Rus prince, b 1222, d 1264, Grand Prince of Vladimir 1249–1252, 90
Volga River, 72
Volhyn, Rus city, 27
Volodymyr, Rus city, 78

Wadi al-Khazandar, 137, battle of, Gazan vs Egypt, Mongol victory on December 22, 1299, 137
Walo, 27
Wang Dezhen, Mongol commander, 91, 92
Wang Jian, Song Chinese official, 101
Wanyan, family name of the Jin Dynasty Emperors
Wanyan Heda, Jin Chinese commander, 61, 65
Wanyan Husha, Jin Chinese commander, 32
Wanyan Xiang, Jin Chinese commander, 18
Wanyan Yi, Jin Chinese commander, 61, 65
Wanzhou, Song Chinese citym 72, 74, 76
Wei River, 40
Weiquan, 34, battle of, Chinggis vs Wanyan Gang, Mongol victory in 1213, 34
Weizhou,Jin Chinese city, 62
Wen Tianxiang, Song Chinese official, 122
Wenceslaw, ruler of Bohemia 1230-1253, 79
Wenxi, death of Mukhulai at, 53
Western Expedition, 48-49, 51, 52
Western Persia, 57
White Horde, Major Mongol country in the Western Steppe, originated from the lands assigned to Zuchi’s son Ord, was subordinate to the Golden Horde, leaders: Ord 1226-1251, rulers: Khungiran 1251-1280, Khuinchi 1280-1302, Bayan 1302-1309, Satibukha 1309/1310-1315, 111, 114
Wroclaw, European city, 78
Wu Xian, Jin Chinese commander, 43-44, 46, 54
Wuhe, Jin Chinese city, 84
Wuhuiling, 35, battle of, Chinggis vs Zhuhu Gaoqi, Mongol victory in 1213, 35
Wulahai, Xixia city, 30
Wushabao, 31-32, battle of, Zev vs Wanyan Husha, Mongol victory in 1211, 31

Xia Gui, Song Chinese commander, 119
Xianfengchai, 38, battle of, Shimo Mingan vs Wugulun Jingshou, Mongol victory in 1215, 38
Xiang River, 101
Xiangyang (part of modern Xiangfan), Song Chinese city, provincial capital: 71, 74, 114-116; siege of, 115, 118
Xijing (modern Datong), Jin Chinese city, western capital, 32-34, 39
Xiliang, Xixia city, 55, 107, battle of, Khadan vs Alandar, Khadan victory in 1260, 107
Xin, Jin Chinese City, 32

Xinghuaying, 40, battle of, Samuqa vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1216, 40
Xingyuang (modern Hanzhong), Song Chinese city, provincial capital, 99
Xingzhong, 40
Xinying, Jin Chinese fortress, 119
Xixia: Central Asian country, established 1038, invaded by Mongols 1205, 1207, submitted 1210, resumed independence 1223, conquered by Mongols 1226-1227; raid into, 24; and Mongol war with Jin China, 39-40, 50-51; defection of, 53; war with, 28, 30, 55-56
Xizhou, Jin Chinese city, 50
Xuancong, ruler of Jin China 1208-1224, 36, 38
Xuandezhou, battle of, Chinggis vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1211, 32
Xunzhou, Song Chinese city, 124

Yadavas, 27, 81
Yaishan, 124, battle of, Li Heng and Zhang Hongfan vs Song refugees, Mongol victory on March 19, 1279, 124
Yakhudu (Yaqudu), Mongol commander, 128
Yalu River, 64, 93
Yan, new name of Zhongdu after 1215, 37, 54
Yanan, Jin Chinese city, 40
Yangluo, Jin Chinese fortress, 119
Yanguan, battle of, Arigkhaya vs Song, Mongol victory in 1277, 123
Yangtze Mouth, 121, battle of, Aju vs Song fleet, Mongol victory in 1275, 121
Yangzhou, Song Chinese city, 121
Yanji, 67
Yaroslavl, Rus town, 73
Yehuling, Jin Chinese fortress, 32
Yeku, Mongol prince, 93
Yelu, family name of the Khitan Liao Dynasty Emperors
Yelu Ahai, 24
Yelu Chucai, 37
Yelu Liuge, 33, 38-40, 44
Yemen, 27
Yenan, 50, battle of, Mukhulai vs Wanyan Heda, Mongol victory in 1221, 50
Yenisey valley, 135
Yesugen, Tatar woman, minor wife of Temujin, 21
Yesui, Tatar woman, minor wife of Temujin, 21
Yesukhei (Yesugai), Khiyad Mongol warrior, d 1171, son of Bartan, grandson of Kabul Khan, father of Temujin, 14
Yidu, Jin Chinese city, provincial capital, 35, 42, 52, 55 109
Yila Pua, Jin Chinese commander, 62
Yingqang, Jirwadai revolted at, 122
Yingzhou: 68, 71, 119; battle of, Bayan vs Yingzhou defenders, Mongol victory in 1274, 119
Yinzhou, 53, battle of, Bol vs Xixia, Mongol victory in fall 1224, 53
Yissaur, Mongol commander, 76
Yizhou, Jin Chinese city, 35, 40
Yomju, 86
Yongqing, 38, battle of, Shensa vs Li Ying, Mongol victory in 1215, 38
Yu Jie, Song Chinese official, 83, 86
Yuanzhou, Jin Chinese city, 62
Yuerluo, 37
Yuling, battle of, Mongols vs Jin, Mongol victory in 1232, 65
Yuri, Rus prince, d 1238, ruler of Vladimir 1218-1238, 73
Yushan, 65, battle of, Tului vs Wanyan Heda Jan, Mongol victory in 1232, 65

Zabulistan, geographic area in Persia, corresponding to the areas in modern Afghanistan between Kabul and Kandahar, 63
Zafar Khan, Delhi commander, 136
Zagreb, European city, 79, 82
Zamfara, 27
Zanhuang, 54, battle of, Shi Tianze vs Peng Yiben, Mongol victory in 1225, 54
Zanjan, Persian city, 48
Zaranj, Persian city, 63
Zelme (Jelme), Uriankhai Mongol warrior, b c1160 15, 20
Zev (Jebe), Taichuud warrior and Mongol commander, d 1223: war with Taichuuds, 20; war with Jin China, 32-35; war with Khuchlug, 42; war with Khwarizm, 44-48; western expedition, 51-52; war in Europe, 61
Zhang Hongfan, Mongol commander, 124
Zhang Ruo, Jin Chinese defector and Mongol commander, 43
Zhangde, Jin Chinese city, 46
Zhending, Jin Chinese city, 35, 38, 39, 43, 46, 54

Zhongdu (modern Beijing), Jin Chinese city, central capital: 32-33, 35-38, 117; first siege of, 36; second siege of, 37
Zhongshan, 44, 54; battle of, Shi Tianze vs Wu Xian, Mongol victory in 1224, 54
Zhongxing (modern Yinchuan),, Xixia capital city 30, 55
Zhu River Delta, 123
Zhuhu Gaoqi, Jin Chinese commander, 35
Zhuozhou, Jin Chinese city, 35
Zijingguan, 34
Zizhou, Song Chinese city, 72
Zuchi (Jochi), Mongol prince 1st generation, b1182, d1226, first son of Temujin and Borte, 16; war with Khereids, 22; submission and revolt of forest peoples, 29, 43; war with Jin China, 31, war with Mergids, 41; war with Khwarizm, 45, 47